The Stanford ELF/VLF group is actively engaged in understanding how lightning impacts out planet’s ionosphere and magnetosphere. Read more about studies of sprites and transient luminous phenomena, and terrestrial gamma-ray flashes. How did ELF/VLF Research Come About? The history of ELF/VLF observation dates back to the late 1800’s, when the first telegraph lines were laid down. The first operators reported hearing bizarre sounds that they described as clicks and tweeks, particularly on a day with lightning, which we now know were probably just sferics being picked up by their telegraph line, basically acting like an antenna. Later, in World War I, soldiers operating communication lines reported hearing strange sounds consisting of a falling tone, sounded like someone was whistling. “You can hear the grenades falling” some used to say. What they were really hearing was an indirect version of lightning energy, known today as whistler, coupling into the communication lines. Elf 112.Bölüm Fragmanı.
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Read more about our studies of lightning-induced electron precipitation as observed on the ground, or or in space, or our active experiments to reproduce elf slots casino sister sites this effect with VLF radio stations. Subterranean mapping. Ever seen those beachcombers waving around those metal detectors over the sand to find lost jewelry or other valuables? Turns out, they use VLF. Why? Because VLF waves, unlike MHz and GHz waves, can penetrate into the ground and reflect. ELF/VLF waves may in fact be the most reliable means of subterranean mapping, or detecting underground structures. The Stanford ELF/VLF group is actively exploring how these radio waves interact with the Earth’s surface. Read more about subterranean mapping with ELF/VLF waves. Lightning-ionosphere impacts. Tweet sozleri.
Why are ELF/VLF Waves Useful for Engineers and Scientists? ELF/VLF waves are useful scientifically because they largely reflect at the D region of the Earth’s ionosphere (60-90 km altitude), and are thus efficiently guided in the Earth-ionosphere waveguide to global distances. For instance, if you set up a radio receiver just about anywhere on Earth, you can pick up short bits of radiation from lightning strikes literally halfway around the world. These are called radio atmospherics, or sferics. ELF/VLF waves also penetrate into seawater, which has led to their use over the past several decades for communication with submerged submarines at long distances. From a scientific perspective, though, the reflectivity of the D region at these frequencies make ELF/VLF a unique tool for remote sensing of the D region, which responds to a variety of inputs like solar activity, lightning energy, electron precipitation from the radiation belts, cosmic gamma-rays, and earthquakes. Measurements of properties of the D region are extremely difficult, since those altitudes are too high for balloons, yet too low for satellites, so this is a useful ability. Complicating these studies, however, is the fact that the propagation of radio waves in complex media such as the plasma in the Earth’s lower ionosphere is one of the most fundamentally difficult ones in electromagnetism, violating nearly every convenient simplifying assumption like homogeneity, linearity, symmetry, and anisotropy.
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